C# boxing and unboxing tutorial

While working with C# datatypes, developers often needs to convert value types to reference type or vice-versa. The process of converting value type to reference type is termed as boxing and converting a reference type to value type is termed as unboxing.

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A value type variable is immutable data which contains the data, instead of a reference to it. Value types often have short lives. They are typically stored in memory in an area known as the stack. The stack is where data that does not need to exist for long lives. Structs, Int32, DateTime, and Double are examples of value types.

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A reference type variable contains a reference to data stored in memory, also known as the heap. The heap is most often used for data that has a longer life. You can have more than one variable point to the same referenced data. Objects are an example of a reference type

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In C#, System.Object is parent class of all the types, it means its possible to assign in any value to Object type instance. [Object = an alias of System.Object ]

Boxing

Boxing is the process of converting value type (int, char etc) to reference type (object). Boxing is an implicit conversion where a value type being allocated on the heap rather than the stack.

int i = 10;
object o = i; //performs boxing - implicit boxing
object o = (object)i;  // explicit boxing
object o = (object)i;  // explicit boxing but never required

//more practical example
List<object> mixedList = new List<object>();

mixedList.Add("First Group:");  // boxing - string to object
mixedList.Add(10);              // boxing - int to object

Unboxing

Unboxing is explicit conversion from Object / reference type to value type. In the unboxing process, the boxed value type is unboxed from the heap and assigned to a value type that is stored on the stack. This process involves below steps

Checking that object instance being 'unboxed' is a 'boxed' value of given value type.
copying the value from object instance to value-type variable.

int i = 123;      // a value type
object o = i;     // boxing
int j = (int)o;   // unboxing

//more practical example
List<object> mixedList = new List<object>();

mixedList.Add("First Group:");  // boxing - string to object
mixedList.Add(10); 
foreach (var item in mixedList) {
    // mixedList items are of object type,
    // while priting, object type will be 'unboxed' to 
    // corresponding value-type.
    Console.WriteLine(item); 
}

For the unboxing of value types to succeed at run time, the item being unboxed must be a reference to an object that was previously created by boxing an instance of that value type. Attempting to unbox null causes a NullReferenceException. Attempting to unbox a reference to an incompatible value type causes an InvalidCastException.

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Boxing and unboxing are expensive process computationally, so they must be used only when necessary.

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C# : Boxing and Unboxing

Table of contents

Boxing

Unboxing

References and further reading

C# : Boxing and Unboxing

Table of contents

Boxing

Unboxing

References and further reading

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